Assembling assortments of biscuits is usually a manual operation and as most tins are filled manually the assembly of assortments is often combined. Great improvements on nearly all the film properties described for the various base films may be achieved by combining two or more sheets of material to form laminates. Schib’s solutions dedicated to on-edge collations of products are ideal for packaging biscuits, crackers, sandwich biscuits, and cookies on edge. It is affected by several factors of which the main ones are: The heat seal is a weld of heat activated adhesives or in the case of plastic films may be a weld of the basic material. (2) Secondary Packaging: The layer of cover added to the primary package for its protection is called a secondary package. The materials used to package biscuits are most important and should be chosen and handled with care. A wide variety of materials is used in packaging, and primary packaging materials for biscuits, crackers and cookies consist of one or more of the following materials: metals, paper and plastic polymers. Oxidation of fats results in rancidity and this is greatly promoted by light, particularly ultra violet light. Tins offer exceptionally good protection against moisture, light and physical damage. In the early days of biscuit manufacturing tins were the main form of packaging and there was much ingenuity in the design of these tins for interest and competitive advertising. There is also the potential of being easily damaged if exposed to pressure or the weight of other products. The oxygen permeability is significantly lower than the base film and this, plus the light excluding properties, is the main technical advantage of metallised films. 3. Inspiring Cookie Packaging . Cellulose or polypropylene offer the best appearance, but it may be satisfactory to use shrinkwrap. Access program information, inventories, and databases related to food packaging and other substances that come in contact with food. This is a very common error seen in biscuit factories or during transport. Popular are pillow pack and family packs with wt ranging from 25 gms to 400gms . A tight group of biscuits affords much self protection but aids to rigidity, such as specially formed trays, base cards or folds of corrugated paper reduce the chance of breakage as a result of vibration or knocks in the life of the pack. 6. Protecting products throughout the supply chain requires close consideration of the primary packaging, such as glass, aluminum, or plastic, that will encase individual products, and the secondary packaging, such as a corrugated box or pallet wrap, that holds several individual products for shipment and displays. What is considered to be primary packaging depends on the product? Packaging Design We create effective Packaging through impactful and clutter breaking expressions of the brand’s promise and benefits in a consumer friendly design solution. The main type of secondary packaging is in … Get contact details & address of companies manufacturing and supplying Biscuit Packaging Machines, Biscuit Wrapping Machine, Biscuit Packaging Machineries across India. Polyethylene films do not have sufficiently good wvp values for biscuit wrapping. Cartons of chipboard in contact with biscuits should be lined with glassine or made from coated board to prevent grease staining. The cellulose films, which are a form of transparent paper, must be coated with a moistureproof barrier but the plastic types are barriers in their own right even though they may also be coated. (5) Resist seepage of fats and oils. The main purpose of primary packaging is to protect and/or preserve, contain and inform the consumer. Project is designed for a full day introduction to DT. So, selection have to be done on above parameter. The primary packaging provides solutions for packaging biscuits both stacked and slug, while the secondary … and the packaging materials must be chosen to cope with these. This ensures optimal product flow and combines high output with careful handling of all kinds and shapes of biscuits. You can use these biscuit packaging material in accordance with your requirements. These are sealed with helps of heaters .Coders are synchronised with machine speed to print details to the packing material. The significance of the waste paper pulp is that this is cheaper than new wood pulp but has a hygiene hazard which precludes its use in containers which come into contact with food. Deterioration in the eating and visual qualities of biscuits is in the form of moisture pick up (in a very few cases moisture loss), rancidity and development of off flavours. It is sometimes decided to place the basic film wrapped biscuit pack within a paper board carton. (3) Maintain biscuit freshness and flavour over a long shelf life. Several different plastics may be used for shrink wrapping films, but polyethylene is the cheapest. However if the outer packaging is not good the act of stacking can cause damage. It can be sealed with strong adhesives without too much concern about odour. 2. The plastic tray or bag is referred to as the primary packaging, while the outer box or wrapper is referred to as the secondary packaging. For these applications pressure sealable systems have become useful. After filling, lids are pressed onto the tin and the lids are normally secured with adhesive tape all round. The seal strength is related to the amount of contact in the seal (affected by the pressure in the seal area) and also the anchoring of the thermosensitive material on the basic film. Corrugated paper for use in contact with biscuits is usually made up with greaseproof paper to form the corrugations which touch the biscuits glued to a cheap sulphite kraft paper. Those groups are loaded automatically on the infeed conveyor of the packaging machine so that it performs the secondary packaging. They are available in various thicknesses ranging from about 0.06-1.5 mm with that at about 0.08 mm being the most commonly used for biscuit wrapping. The customers usually pick the cookies and biscuits because of attractive packaging. High-performance horizontal form fill seal machine for primary packaging of chocolate bars and granola bars. Loose biscuit crumb in the pack may result in some fat staining of the sulphite paper. It refers to additional layers of protection that are kept till the product is ready for use, e.g., a tube of shaving cream usually comes in a card board box. The wvp properties are the same or slightly better than the base film. The size and shape of these depends on a number of factors, but normally there are about 24 or 30 packets giving a total case weight of around 6 or 7 kg. Packs could be of various size and shape . Some biscuits have sharp edges or rough abrasive surfaces due to sugar, etc. Many of the advantages of aluminium foil laminates can be achieved more economically by using metallised cellulose or OPP film. If you’re in the process of designing an effective package for your cookies, here are a few designs that could serve as inspiration. Legislation is becoming more demanding and considerable amounts of essential information have to be displayed in a clearly readable form. This is because a biscuit that rubs against the tin surface may develop blackened spots. Although the gas permeability may not be well related to the wvp and also varies considerably for different gases, it is not normally felt necessary to check this property of films for biscuit wrapping. The temperature control of the seal jaws. 7. Biscuit packaging machine is used for wrapping of biscuits in small packs. The main function of a pack is to collate the correct weight or number of biscuits for sale. are used to hold the biscuits within the overwrap. Other properties which are important for flexible films are: Against this background of basic performance requirements it is possible to compare the various films available. When selecting shrinkwrap film the specification for shrinkage both in terms of temperatures and amounts in each direction should be considered against requirements. transportation .Technological innovation has made possible to have various. It is usual to line tins with paper or to place biscuits in paper within a tin. See more ideas about biscotti, cookie packaging, packaging. Special advantages: Maximum availability; For packaging of sticky products; Ideal system ergonomics; Up to 1,500 products per minute Developments in very high speed wrapping, for example, of small bars in flowpacks, has meant that the dwell time in the jaws of the packaging machine has fallen so low that normal heat sealing has become almost impossible. The cost of wrapping materials, when printing and wastage is included, is very considerable. Sacmi Packaging & Chocolate, through the historical brand OPM, offers the most innovative technologies for flow-pack and secondary packaging of laminated and sandwich biscuits and cookies. This is pure aluminium which is rolled to thicknesses as low as 0.006 mm. The design of the cookies and biscuit packaging must have creativity. The biscuit packaging is the first of its kind which allows for fast changeovers between slug and pile packs on the same line. Schib CO100 Biscuits on Edge Packaging Flow-pack system suitable for a wide range of products on edge: square, rectangular and round biscuits, crackers, cookies and sandwich biscuits. Small groups of the basic packs are known as multipacks. For the purpose of collation, transportation and storage, biscuit packs are usually filled into corrugated brown paper cases known as fiberites. Only those with older packaging machines with poor heat controls on the sealers will want to continue to use cellulose. The degree of ink keying on printed films. Primary function of packaging are protecting biscuit from foreign body infestation , increasing shelf life , product and manufacturer info and transportation .Technological innovation has made possible to have various shape , sizes and colours for biscuit packaging . Mar 28, 2015 - Explore Nancy Hyman's board "Packaging" on Pinterest. Elephant Design+Strategy Elephant is a Design led Innovation organization, solving complex challenges with focus on people In fact, most of these biscuit packaging material are manufactured from materials like polyethylene resin which are reusable and can also be recycled easily. This is because they are expensive, they take up a lot of space when empty and they are not suitable for high speed filling operations. Flexible films that are heat sealable and moistureproof. The sealing jaws apply the pressure and usually the heat, and sometimes the cutting action also. Feeding of wrappers (primary packaging) Products are taken over from the production line and fed to the individual wrapping lines. The appearance is of aluminium foil, but the film has the flexibility, strength and thickness of the base film. The most well-known brand name is Cellophane and previously these types of film were the most widely used in biscuit packaging. Tins offer exceptionally good protection against moisture, light and physical damage. It is available in various models to provide diverse packaging solution to biscuits manufacturers. Heat sealability at short dwell times is very critical and is most important on high speed wrapping machines. We are a BRC-IoP certified manufacturer that offers you a wide range of high quality FSC-certified papers made of primary fibres … 74 • Packaging operations adopted • Distribution and storage patterns followed • Economic considerations There is a well-established relationship between water vapour sorptions and chemical, physical and stability characteristics of biscuits. The important groups of packing material are. The contents must be kept away from moisture and potential sources of contamination. Techniques have been developed to effectively control the orientations in each direction so that the machine handling, shrinkages when sealed, and tear strength are suitable for wrapping operations. Fat migrates from biscuits onto any materials in contact and in the case of many papers, and all uncoated boards, the fat moves though the fibres forming visible grease spots. Plastic boxes that closely resemble tins are also used for special biscuit packs. Biscuits are very susceptible to the pick up of strong odours and even small traces can spoil their flavour. They are not affected by moisture or normal ambient temperatures and can be stored for long periods. It is important to check that any printing ink solvents or adhesives used on wrappers included within the moistureproof wrap are devoid of odours which could taint the biscuits. Although a pack may be sealed in various ways, modern packaging machinery is normally designed to make the seal by the application of heat and pressure. For example paper, OPP, polyethylene, aluminium foil, metallised films and even thick card may be combined. From distribution through primary to secondary packaging, the Two-in-One biscuit system is built for maximum flexibility. See it at PACK EXPO International, Booth # S-3514! There will also be deterioration if insects invade the pack but this problem is secondary to the others mentioned. High-performance horizontal form fill seal machine for primary packaging of chocolate bars and granola bars. Jul 9, 2014 - Explore Faith Morsi's board "Biscuit Packaging" on Pinterest. Most polypropylene films used for biscuit packaging are orientated polypropylene, referred to as OPP films. Find here Biscuit Packaging Machines, Biscuit Wrapping Machine manufacturers, suppliers & exporters in India. It is capable of pack style changeovers from slug to pile packs with the same feeding components. The extensive surface area so produced combined with traces of metals in the paper encourages rancidity and hence a bad smell together with product deterioration in the pack. The smart automatized product distribution convinces with highest flexibility and efficiency by frequently changing product ranges and packaging formats. Usually only two materials are laminated together but sometimes more may be used. Where tins are used they are mostly fil… The brittleness - determining the tendency to crack under conditions of flexing at different temperatures and humidities. See more ideas about biscuits packaging, packaging, packaging design. These are of two basic types of heat sealable and moistureproof packaging films, one is made from regenerated cellulose and the other is completely plastic based, usually polypropylene. Secondary packaging into groups of up to about 6 units may be made for multipacks of individually wrapped biscuits. The biscuit package or case is firstly wrapped relatively loosely in the shrinkwrap film. 1. Corrugated sleeves to enclose piles of biscuits in an envelope fold pack. When aluminium foil is laminated with paper or plastic, it does perform extremely well as a packaging material. Round column packs tend to roll off, packs with fin end seals tend to interlock with adjacent packs, simple bags cannot be piled well for display and block-bottom bags allow only one layer of packs to be put on the shelf. Functions of packaging are as follows: (1) Present the biscuits in an attractive way for the potential consumers. It is possible to roll aluminium without pinholing to about 0.03 mm and this is rather too thick and expensive for use around biscuits so the principle use of aluminium foil in packaging is as a laminate with waxed paper, polyethylene or polypropylene. PBFY’s airtight, resealable packaging can prevent your dry goods from expiring too quickly, absorbing odors, or becoming infested. Greaseproof paper and glassine are paper films which have been heavily calendered (rolled at great pressure) and polished to reduce the tendency for the fat to be absorbed. This prints and therefore displays much better than the brown paper. The uniqueness of the pictures usually makes the best attraction for the customers. It also allows the display of information about type, weight, contents, manufacture, price, age, etc. Aluminium foil does not heat seal unless coated with a thermoplastic coating of which wax is the simplest (usually in conjunction with tissue paper) but polyethylene, polypropylene, PVdC or a lacquer are the most usual. Gas permeability properties (for example for oxygen) are specified in cm3/m2/24 hours/atm at 23±1°C. Take, for example, a pallet of biscuits where the union of packaging is all paper-based. Most greaseproof papers are expensive, hard and brittle and difficult to print well. RM- Biscuit cutters GX- Icing toppers / packaging Food- Biscuits Focus is CADCAM within DT Project was introduced in Primary classes within designing work being completed prior to attending DT sessions in workshops. Primary Packaging. Primary packaging; Bosch: Biscuit on edge packaging system. Protect from Foreign body infestation. Ashley’s Scoop & Bake Cookie Dough by Riley Hutchens It also has excellent dead fold properties, which means that as you fold it, it does not have the tendency to spring back. Flavour change is mostly due to chemical reactions in the ingredients particularly the fats. It may be that both forms of packaging afford adequate and equal protection and hence the fears of the consumer are unfounded, but a skill of marketing is to avoid subconscious doubts from customers. This is because they are expensive, they take up a lot of space when empty and they are not suitable for high speed filling operations. These biscuit packaging material are manufactured in such a way that they can be easily recycled. The primary pack is the moistureproof unit which is usually the type offered for sale to the consumer. Primary packaging; United Biscuits: Infeed conveyors for cookie packaging line. Freshly baked ginger snaps are conveyed from the first floor oven up to infeed conveyors, from Sigpack Systems, leading to the packaging machinery. Plastic films are not governed by the need for such careful storage as cellulose films. Whether you are looking for ovenable trays or the perfect primary packaging for your biscuits, PilloPak offers the best custom-made solutions made of lightweight corrugated paper. The converting (printing and sandwiching) process is expensive so laminates should always be considered against the costs and disadvantages of single films. As with other papers, fiberites lose much of their strength if allowed to become damp. Biscuit are wrapped with packing machines and wrappers are sealed as long and ends. The important point to remember is that the performance may be affected if the film is creased or printed and the specification relates to flat basic film. Packing and wrapping materials are such large industries that it is a problem to keep up to date with useful developments even in the relatively narrow field of biscuits. See how these packaging ideas could help you shape the next big thing in the cookie market. Protect from loss of moisture and any foreign odour contaminations. It offers particular advantages for packaging as it is a complete barrier to light, moisture, grease and gas provided that it does not have any pinholes. Packs of biscuits are normally collated into groups of 6, 12 or more in boxes or shrink wraps for stacking, storage and transportation. Specifications for films should give the water vapour permeability (wvp) or water vapour transmission rate (wvtr) as g/m2/24 hours at one of the two standards given above. (4) Provide effective barrier for moisture and foreign odour. It will be appreciated that no heat control is then needed and the speed of the wrapping is not critical. Biscuit packaging machine are fully automatic, and semi-automatic. Tests for moistureproofness form a significant part of shelf life testing. These larger groups, if well packaged increase the protection to mechanical damage that the biscuits in the primary packs can have before they reach the consumer. If the metallised film is not laminated to another film or specially coated on the metallised side it can be heat sealed only on the non-metallised surface. Bosch Packaging Technology will debut its biscuit on edge packaging system, now available in the U.S., for the efficient and flexible packaging of biscuits and crackers in slug packs. In most cases rigid plastic trays have replaced cardboard cartons within packs to overcome the greaseproof and hygiene problems. In these cases the tins are sealed hermetically with solder. The film is coated with a pressure sensitive adhesive and the jaws of the wrapping machine apply the pressure to effect the seal. This may be for display, to form multipacks or to give added mechanical protection. Primary packaging is the packaging in direct contact with the product itself and is sometimes referred to as consumer or retail packaging. • Biscuits are fed into packing machines in continues stacks this is either manual or with help of auto feeders with help of feeding chutes. which may be required by law, and other more artistic attributes associated with customer appeal aimed at tempting sale or permitted easy recognition. The variety of combinations possible is very great and thus is impossible to describe concisely. As much care should be given to selection, handling and testing of these materials as is given to other ingredients used for making the biscuits. PilloPak is your partner if you are looking for direct food packaging solutions. Values varies from one product to other. It is then passed through a short tunnel where warm air is blown onto it. Polypropylene is a naturally good moisture barrier and its strength is such that to achieve similar performance to coated cellulose films it can be used at much thinner gauge (giving improved yields) at very competitive prices. A pack is more than just a means of conveniently and safely conveying biscuits to the consumer. Although this is another packaging operation and adds to the cost, it does give a tidy package and, being outside the moistureproof wrapper, the carton can be made of non-greaseproof materials, include waste paper pulp in its construction. Clearly the paper must be of a greaseproof quality. Where tins are used they are mostly filled manually though there are robotic systems that take biscuits straight from a cooling conveyor and place them into paper cups and into the tins (for example some types of Danish Butter Cookies). The cases are normally constructed from two webs of brown kraft paper separated by a corrugated layer of similar material. 9/12/2019 Sustainability and Recyclability of Flexible Materials for Primary Packaging https://www.biscuitpeople.com/magazine/post/Sustainability-and-Recyclability-of-Flexible-Materials-for-Primary-Packaging 4/ 8 Biofilm are coming from renewable source and are produced by polymerization of natural bio-monomers mainly from starch and/or cellulose. Thus tins are used principally for high value products and sale as presentation gifts. These are made from wood pulp and are completely transparent but they can be coloured or rendered opaque by the addition of pigments. Biscuits are typically very fragile and lose much of their appeal if broken. The tensile strength - usually related to the thickness of the material. The colour of the metallised surface can also be tinted with heat resistant gloss lacquers. Customers tend to associate firm tight wraps with biscuits, feeling perhaps that floppy film packs may contain broken product. The barrier properties are a combination of the basic moistureproofness of the materials used and the effectiveness of the seals. In fact in many cases the speed of the wrapping machine is varied to suit the length of the queue of product approaching the wrapper which is a technique that cannot be used where the temperature of the sealing jaws is critical. Primary and secondary packaging are both seen by the consumers at their retail provider. The lower cost of polypropylene films has meant that cellulose based films are now more or less displaced. However tins are now used only for very specific types of packaging for biscuits. A very high proportion of biscuits is bought on impulse so it is important that the design and colour of the packet is attractive and sufficiently descriptive of the contents. The majority of biscuits are packed directly within moistureproof films of the types described above. (2) Display the biscuit type, weight, ingredients and manufacturer. Any of PBFY’s durable bags and pouches are ideal storage solutions that help preserve and extend the shelf life of your dry foods and baking mixes until they are used. It is a very false economy to use a board which is a little too weak as it may give handling problems in a carton erection machine and if stored in slightly unfavourable conditions become quite useless. This does not have good clarity but is sufficiently transparent and strong for most applications. The line offers primary packaging options from small on-the-go flow packs to family packs with the same equipment. Sometimes a layer of printed paper, plastic skillets, formed pieces of corrugated paper or chipboard cartons, etc. The films must have good heat sealing properties because the seals compliment the basic film properties in the performance of the pack. Food Packaging. At extra cost, but for improved display purposes, fiberite cases may be made from white faced board. Plastic and paper based wrappers are not particularly good barriers against aromatic chemicals so biscuits should not be stored near detergents, antiseptics or perfumed products. They are usually heat sealable and this is how the pack is closed on the wrapping machine. Plastic films are also made from other base materials, but they are not used to any significant degree for biscuit moistureproof wrapping. These trays are moulded by a process of vacuum forming when heated from reels or sheets of plastic of appropriate thickness. In the early days of biscuit manufacturing tins were the main form of packaging and there was much ingenuity in the design of these tins for interest and competitive advertising. The moisture content of the film, in the case of cellulose films. The slip properties (enabling it to "flow" over the various forming parts of the wrapping machine). Many markets are demanding that "sell by" or "best before" dates are printed on every pack to reassure customers that the product will be safe and pleasant to eat. The barrier performance is then very spectacular compared with most other wrappers. Packaging biscuits. However tins are now used only for very specific types of packaging for biscuits. The biscuits may be single in a pack, in a single column, in a series of short columns side by side, in a jumble or in some other less common arrangement. 2.BREAD PACKAGING… Tins are also used for the packaging of biscuits that have to be stored for very long periods. It is also used for the packaging of other similar products such as cookies, wafer & rusk, and other foods. The barrier which prevents moisture pick up by the biscuits from the atmosphere will also be adequate for hygiene aspects. There are two standard test conditions known as (a) temperate (relative humidity of 75% at 25°C) and (b) tropical (relative humidity of 90% at 38°C). The board so produced is very resistant to compression when the flutings are vertical but at 90ð the strength is not so good. This can best be checked by applying a piece of Sellotape and seeing if the ink comes away when the tape is peeled off. Secondary Packaging The solutions performing functions of forming, filling and sealing secondary and tertiary packages are available in several configurations, accordingly to the specific requests of the project: compact or extended, both in X-Series – focused on high performance – and in E-Series – focused on standardization. Primary and secondary packaging of pharma products: Piyush Tripathi Thursday, October 17, 2013, 08:00 Hrs [IST] The primary and secondary packaging of pharmaceutical products is closely linked to their production and constitutes an integral part of the value-added process. BISCUIT PACKAGING. Thus lap seals are not possible and the technique is more or less restricted to flow pack or vertical form-fill-seal wrapping machines. Aluminium foil should also be included in this group but at the thickness when it is truly flexible it is too thin to be a good moisture barrier because pinholes are formed. The pressure sensitive adhesive is normally applied only in the appropriate areas and only on one side of the film. This material comprises a PVdC coated film which has been metallised on one surface by vacuum deposition of high purity aluminium. Biscuits are fed into packing machines in continuos stacks this is either manual or with help of auto feeders with help of feeding chutes .Biscuits are fed into packing machines in continuos stacks this is achieved through stacker which converts free flowing biscuits into uniform achieved through stacker which converts free flowing biscuits into uniform stacks .These are done through guidelines which could be adjusted as per type of biscuits. Bosch Packaging Technology has be honoured with a second award WorldStar for its packaging solution. The temperature required to form the seal depends on: By controlling these conditions it is possible to check the seal performance of films by measuring the force needed to pull apart a seal on a given width of film. It is, therefore, important to consider the construction of these cases and never to stack them lying on their sides. Card for cartons should be selected with due regard for the thickness and hence mechanical strength, whiteness of the surface for printing and, of course, cost. Moistureproofness is measured by the rate that moisture vapour passes across the film barrier when it separates an atmosphere of given humidity from one of zero humidity at a given temperature. The film shrinks and on cooling a very rigid package is formed. Automatic case erector and case packing The automatic case erector is a multi-format equipment that supplies the case packing cell with formed and empty boxes. Packaging & Food Contact Substances. Laminating permits the sandwiching of a printed surface so that a high gloss is displayed or the printing ink is protected. The perfect materials like paper and plastic usually dominate the packaging of product. In terms of the overall pack the performance is also usually affected by the quality of the seals. Shrinkwrapping involves the use of plastic films which are strongly orientated in construction so that they shrink in the longitudinal direction when the plastic is warmed. These are formed on a second wrapping machine and it is usual to use an overwrap film of low or only modest moistureproofness to save expense. The following descriptions and comments should be regarded as basic information against which requirements, new claims and results of tests may be compared. The packaging materials can retard the effects of chemical change by excluding (or reducing) the intensity of light and by excluding oxygen. Packages with polypropylene film used as a single wrap will not feel so firm as those with multi-ply wraps of paper or Cellophane. This can detract from those design aspects which may be deemed attractive. 3.thickness of films measured in microns . Moistureproof cellulose and plastic films do not absorb grease so grease spots do not form. CARTON BOXES; The flexibility is not very good until it is very thin and then it does not have good tensile strength either. Polypropylene film is much superior and in its various forms is widely used for biscuits. Commonly biscuits in tins are an assortment for added attraction. Plastic (polypropylene), plastic coated papers, or various laminates can be used to form the moisture barrier. In recent years the price and technical performance of polypropylene films have become so favourable that most biscuit manufacturers have discontinued using cellulose films. It is available as "cast", "biaxially orientated" and co extruded. Primary and secondary packaging systems for biscuits and cookies with the brand OPM. The following lists the main types. The shape of the pack also has a bearing on the way in which it can be displayed on the shop shelf. Unlike cellulose film which has good dimensional stability because it is a type of paper, plastic films become oriented as they are cast and have tendencies to shrink differentially in the two dimensions. • Biscuits are fed into packing machines in continues stacks this is achieved through stacker which converts free flowing biscuits into uniform achieved through stacker which converts free flowing biscuits into uniform. Special advantages: Maximum availability; For packaging … These packs are then put into cartons are then taped by passing through carton taping machines .Now biscuits are ready for dispatch . These are briefly described below; more detailed information is available elsewhere [ … The surface condition of the jaws and the jaw release properties of the film being sealed.